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Battle of Utica (49 BC)
The Battle of Utica (49 BC) was fought between Julius Caesar's general Gaius Scribonius Curio and Pompeian legionaries commanded by Publius Attius Varus supported by Numidian cavalry and foot soldiers sent by King Juba I of Numidia. Curio defeated the Pompeians and Numidians and drove Varus back into the town of Utica.
==Background==
With Caesar’s crossing of the Rubicon in January 49 BC, he plunged the Roman Republic into civil war with a clique of Roman senators who were determined to destroy him, under the military leadership of Pompey.〔Syme, pg. 36〕 Having pushed through Italy in an attempt to reach Pompey and detach him from the Republican leadership, he was unable to prevent them taking ship at Brundisium and fleeing to Epirus.〔Holland, pgs 312-313〕 Instead of pursuing them, Caesar decided to deal with the Pompeian forces holding important western provinces.〔Holland, pgs. 316-317〕 So in March 49 BC, while he marched to Hispania, he sent thirty-one cohorts (approximately three legions) to Africa under the command of Gaius Scribonius Curio to deal with the Pompeian forces there. Prior to Curio’s departure, this force was supplemented by an additional legion and 1,000 Gallic cavalry.〔Holmes, pg. 96〕 As Curio had little experience in war,〔Goldsworthy, pg. 41〕 he appointed a trusted military subordinate, Gaius Caninius Rebilus as Curio’s legate.〔Holmes, pg. 95〕
By this point Africa was held by Attius Varus, who, after fleeing from Auximum during Caesar's march through Italy,〔Holmes, pgs. 10-11〕 had made his way to Utica. He found the province in a state of limbo, as the propraetor, Considius Longus, had finished his term as governor and had returned to Italy, and his designated successor, Aelius Tubero, had not yet arrived.〔Holmes, pg. 96〕 Varus had previously been the Propraetor of Africa some years before, and now decided to take possession of the province in Pompey’s name.〔Holmes, pg. 96〕 Using his local knowledge, and the local connections built up through his ''clientela'', he managed to raise two legions. When Tubero finally appeared off Utica to take up his post, Varus drove him off and forced him to leave.〔Holmes, pg. 96〕 To further cement his position in Africa, Varus relied on the support of King Juba of Numidia, a client state, whose father owed his position to Pompey, while Juba himself had a personal grudge against Curio,〔''The Cambridge Ancient History'', Vol 9, pg. 431〕 because, as plebeian tribune, Curio had once proposed a law that would have converted Numidia into a Roman province.〔Holmes, pg. 96〕
In the interim, Curio had crossed into Sicily, forcing out a leading Republican senator, Marcus Porcius Cato, who fled Syracuse on April 23, 49 BC to join Pompey in the east.〔Holmes, pg. 95〕 With the opposition in Sicily suppressed with no fighting,〔Goldsworthy, pg. 40〕 Curio decided to remain there, wanting to hear of developments in Spain before committing himself to the African campaign.〔Holmes, pg. 95〕 It wasn’t until early August that Curio, leaving half his forces in Sicily, embarked from Lilybaeum, and a fleet of one hundred transports and twelve galleys transported two legions and 500 cavalry,〔Holmes, pgs. 95-96; Holland, pg. 318〕 and, chasing off the patrolling ships of Lucius Caesar disembarked at Thonara Bay at Cape Bon.〔Holmes, pg. 98〕
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